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Studies / Clairvoyance / Belief in Extrasensory Perception and Il…

Future Forecast: Can We Really See Ahead?

Peter Brugger, Marianne Regard, Théodor LandisThe Journal of Psychology, 1991 Peer-Reviewed
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✦ Imagine …

Do ESP believers think they control random events?

Imagine you're at a casino, convinced that you can influence the roll of the dice just by concentrating hard enough. Swiss researchers Peter Brugger and his team wondered: Are people who believe in extrasensory perception more likely to fall for this kind of thinking? They tested volunteers on their ESP beliefs and then put them in situations where they thought they could control random events. The results revealed a fascinating connection between supernatural beliefs and our sense of personal power.

People who believe in ESP also tend to overestimate their control over chance.

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People who believe in ESP are significantly more likely to think they can control random events that are actually beyond anyone's influence.

What Is This About?

Methodology

Researchers tested whether people who believe in ESP also tend to overestimate their control over random events.

Outcomes

The study confirmed a connection between ESP belief and the tendency to perceive control where none exists.

How Good Is the Evidence?

Anecdotal5/100
AnecdotalPreliminarySolidStrongOverwhelming

Supporters argue this shows ESP believers have heightened sensitivity to subtle patterns and connections. Skeptics contend it demonstrates that ESP belief stems from the same cognitive biases that create illusions of control over random events. Both sides agree the psychological connection is real, but disagree on what it means for ESP validity.

↔ Interpretation Spectrum

Mainstream: This confirms ESP belief arises from cognitive biases and pattern-seeking tendencies. Moderate: The connection suggests shared psychological mechanisms that might include both bias and genuine sensitivity. Frontier: ESP believers may have enhanced intuitive abilities that extend to perceiving subtle influences in apparently random systems.

Common Misconception

This study doesn't test whether ESP is real — it examines the psychology of people who believe in it. The connection to illusory control suggests shared cognitive patterns rather than validating ESP claims.

Convincing Checklist
2 of 5 criteria met
Met2/5
Large sample (N>100)
Peer-reviewed journal
Replicated
Significant effect
DOI available

To settle questions about ESP belief psychology, we'd need large-scale studies with diverse populations, experimental tests of whether illusory control training affects ESP belief, and brain imaging to identify shared neural mechanisms. This study contributes by replicating the basic correlation, but more detailed methodology and larger samples would strengthen the case.

This study replicates previous findings linking belief in extrasensory perception to illusory control

Stance: Mixed

What Does It Mean?

The human mind might be wired in such a way that feeling powerful and believing in psychic abilities go hand in hand - suggesting our sense of control and our openness to the mysterious might spring from the same psychological source.

If these findings hold up in larger studies, they could reveal something fundamental about how our brains construct reality. It might suggest that the same cognitive mechanisms that make us feel empowered and in control also make us more open to believing in phenomena that science hasn't validated. This could reshape how we understand the relationship between personal agency and supernatural beliefs.

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Science Literacy Tip

Replication is crucial in science — a single study proving a finding can be reproduced increases confidence that the result reflects a real pattern rather than chance or error.

Understanding Terms

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Illusory Control
The tendency to overestimate one's ability to control random or uncontrollable events
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Replication Study
Research that repeats a previous experiment to verify whether the original findings can be reproduced

What This Study Claims

Findings

People who believe in ESP tend to overestimate their control over random events

moderate

The study successfully replicated previous findings linking ESP belief to illusory control

moderate

Interpretations

The relationship between ESP belief and illusory control appears to be a reliable psychological pattern

moderate

This summary is for general information about current research. It does not constitute medical advice. The scientific interpretation of these results is debated among researchers. If personally affected, please consult qualified professionals.